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ABSTRACT
The Asian Development Bank estimates that there are over 100 million motorcycles in Asia (not including India). Current estimates are that at least 50 million of these are 2–stroke powered, and that these motorcycles produce air pollution equivalent to 2.5 billion modern automobiles (there are only ~400 million cars in the world). In Asian countries 2-stroke engines are responsible for powering motorbikes, mopeds, "three-wheelers", "auto-rickshaws", "tuk-tuks", and "tricycles". Emissions from these vehicles’ 2-stroke engines are characterized by high levels of unburned hydrocarbon’s (UHC’s), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). Direct Injection is a technology that has shown the ability to greatly reduce such emissions while at the same time improving fuel economy. A Kawasaki HDIII 125cc motorcycle retrofitted with a direct injection engine management system was adapted to an eddy current dynamometer stand where fuel system calibration was performed. Steady state measurements were then taken to characterize the improvements of fuel economy, HC and CO emissions with the addition of a DI retrofit installation, relative to the baseline of a stock carbureted system. Fuel efficiency improved by 32%, unburned hydrocarbons were reduced by 88%, and CO by 72%. PM emissions were not quantified during this study, but the virtual elimination of all exhaust smoke was observed with the implementation of a Direct Injection retrofit kit. Along with the emissions characterization, an overall project synopsis and update is also included.
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