While it is seemingly common in the light of rapid urbanization, vehicular emissions are predominantly severe in the Philippines where one third of vehicular population is composed of two- and three-wheeled (tricycles) vehicles. These two- and three-wheeled vehicles are major contributors to air emissions as they usually are equipped with old model engines and are poorly maintained.

This study examines the unique social, economic and technical environment in which the tricycles operate, as well as possible strategies for introducing cleaner technology and sustainable development.

Download the study from the ADB website.