Abstract:
Motorcycle is the major of vehicles in Thailand because of the ability to move around much quicker in the congested traffic. They are also not very expensive and are affordable among medium and low income people. They are used not only for personal transportation but also are used commercially for message, goods delivery, and as taxis. In 2005, total amount of motor vehicles registered in Thailand is 23 million. Meanwhile, motorcycle accounts for approximately third-fifth of the total number of vehicles in Thailand. The number of motorcycle registered in Thailand has increased from 8,248,303 in 1994 to 15,218,396 in the end of 2005 and continues to rise. In the past most of motorcycles in Thailand were two-stroke engine which higher emitted pollution compare with four-stroke engine. Two-stroke motorcycles are a dominant source of HC, white smoke and also contribute significantly to PM and CO emissions. Four-stroke motorcycles are major sources of CO, HC, and NOx same as cars. From emission survey in 2005, two-stroke motorcycles emitted carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and white smoke 9.35 percent, 65.42 percent, and 12.15 percent exceed the standard respectively. Four-stroke motorcycles emitted carbon monoxide 3.72 percent exceed the standard meanwhile hydrocarbon and white smoke did not exceed the standard. The way to reduce emissions from motorcycle is phase out two-stroke engine motorcycle and replacement by four-stroke engine motorcycle.
Presentation: http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2006/1757/docs/SP6_4.ppt
Full paper:
Motorcycle, two-stroke engine, and four-stroke engine |
