| Publications |   Policy framework- Reducing Air Pollution from Urban Transport - and Gwilliam, Ken Kojima, MasamiJohnson, Todd
This report discusses policy, technological, administrative, and economic issues surrounding interventions for air quality improvement in developing countries, and provides examples of both successful and unsuccessful actions and approaches to air quality management. - Improving Air Quality in Metropolitan Mexico City: An Economic Valuation - Cesar, Herman et al
The annuyal health benefits of a 10 percent reduction in ozone and PM10 in Mexico City, conservatively estimated, are approximately $760 million (in 1999 U.S. dollars) annually. Reducing PM10 has larger estimated health benefits than reducing ozone, with each microgram per cubic centimeter reduction in PM10 worth about $100 million per year. - Economic Valuation of the Health Impacts of Air Pollution - Clean Air Initiative
This module presents a brief overview of the methods commonly used to quantify the health impacts of air pollution and to value them. We focus on translating changes in ambient air quality into associated cases of premature mortality and morbidity and on the methods used to value these health effects. A case study Improving Air Quality in Metropolitan Mexico City: An Economic Valuation, is used to illustrate the application of these methods. - Urban Air Pollution - How Can Urban Bus Policy Reduce Air Pollution? - Akbar, SameerGwilliam, Kenneth G.Kojima, Masami
Buses are essential to everyday life in South Asia. They affect urban air quality both directly by emitting air pollutants and indirectly by reducing the congestion and emissions caused by the many smaller vehicles which they replace. - Vehicular Air Pollution: Setting Priorities - Akbar, SameerGwilliam, Kenneth G.Kojima, Masami
Air pollution is viewed as a serious problem in many cities in South Asia. Many city governments hold transport largely responsible and have adopted, or are considering, technological measures to reduce vehicle emission. This note outlines a framework for the appraisal and selection of appropriate measures in the sector. - Reducing Air Pollution from Urban Passenger Transport: A Framework for Policy Analysis - Heil, MarkPargal, Sheoli
This paper develops a simple framework to analyze various pollution control strategies that have been used or are proposed in the urban passenger transport sector. The context is the declining quality of air in urban areas, which is among the serious problems associated with the rapid motorization of societies the world over. - Transport Fuels Taxes and Urban Air Quality - Bacon, RobertGwilliam, Kenneth G.Kojima, MasamiLvovsky, Keseniya
In developing country cities, fuel use for transport is a growing contributor to air pollution and environmental health risks. One way of applying the "polluter pays " principle to transport is to adjust fuel taxes to reflect environmental externalities. But in setting tax rates on fuels, many factors need to be considered. - Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia - Guidebook - Gronskei, Knut ErikHanegraaf, M.C. Jansen, HuibKuik, O. J.Larssner, SteinerOlsthoorn, Xander A. Oosterhuis, F.H.
- Abuses in Fuel Market: How to Protect Consumers in Public - Bacon, RobertKojima, Masami
In the fuel business, smuggling, adulteration, mislabeling and short-weighting are widespread in many developing countries. - Breathing Clean: Considering the Switch to Natural Gas Buses - Masami, Kojima
- Coordinating Environment, Transport, and Energy Policies for Cleaner Air - Kojima, MasamiLovei, Magda
Poor urban air quality causes serious environmental health damage in many developing countries. Arriving at effective and sustainable solutions to these problems requires a broad approach that takes into account the various sources of pollution, focuses on cost-effective and feasible interventions, involves affected stakeholders in decisionmaking, and coordinates policies across multiple sectors. An important challenge is to evaluate when and how environmental considerations should be reflected in sector policies. This note illustrates these points, taking urban air pollution from transport as an example.
- In-use buses
- Overview
- 1. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability.
- Retrofit systems
- 2. Demonstration of Advanced Emission Control Technologies Enabling Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Engines to Achieve Low Emission Levels - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
The Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (MECA) instituted a test program at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) to evaluate the performance of a variety of commercially available exhaust emission control technologies on a current design heavy-duty diesel engine with standard Number 2 diesel (368 ppm), lower sulfur (54 ppm) diesel fuel, and, in a limited number of cases, zero ppm sulfur fuel. - 1. Emission Control Retrofit of Diesel-Fueled Vehicles - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
MECA has received numerous inquiries regarding the possibility of retrofitting emission control technologies on existing diesel engines. These inquiries have included requests for technical information, past experience with retrofit, and information on the impact of fuel sulfur on emission control retrofit technologies. - 12. Retrofit Diesel Particulate Filter Application Considerations and Experience - International Diesel Retrofit Advisory
Key Considerations of a Diesel Particulate Filter Retrofit Control Program, Operating Experience with Retrofit Diesel Particulate Filters, Discussion of Diesel Particulate Filter, Applications Matrix - 5. Clean Air Facts - Emission Controls for Diesel Engines - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
Recently, health experts in the U.S. have identified serious health risks associated with emissions from diesel engines, especially oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Cost-effective diesel exhaust control options such as catalysts and particulate filters are available which can significantly reduce emissions from diesel-powered trucks, buses, and off-road equipment. - 11. Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons - Proposed Regulation for a Public Transit Fleet Rule and Emission Standards for New Urban Buses
- 3. Clean Air Facts: Emission Control Retrofit of Existing Diesel Engines - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
- 8. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses - Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program - Chandler, KevinClark, NigelKenneth, KellyMotta, RobertNorton, PaulSchumacher, Leon
Transit buses represent one of the best applications for alternative fuels, which have already made significant inroads into the transit bus market. - 6. Analysis of Alternative Fuel Technologies for New York City Transit Buses - Sigall, Jonathan
- 7. Interim Report: Emissions Results from Clean Diesel Demonstration Program with CRTTM Particulate Filter at New York City Transit - Matthey, Johnson
- 4. Frequently Asked Questions on Diesel Emissions and Diesel-Emission Control Technologies
Diesel emissions regulations and control. - 10. Bus Futures - New Technologies for Cleaner Cities - Cannon, James S.Sun, Chyi
This new INFORM report brings good news about alternatives to the conventional diesel bus that have the potential to meet the travel needs of millions of Americans in and around our urban centers while protecting air quality and human health. - 9. MECA Independent Cost Survey for Emission Control Retrofit Technologies - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
The report is designed to provide estimates on the range of costs for emission control technologies under the various scenarios spelled out in the report. Information regarding the costs of retrofit technology for specific applications should be obtained directly from the technology manufacturers - 13. Un-Regulated Emissions from CRT-Equipped Transit Buses - Gibbs, Richard
- Conversions
- 3. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability. - 2. Status of Implementation of CNG as a Fuel for Urban Buses in Delhi - Dursbeck, FrankErlandsson, LennartWeaver, Christopher
- 1. Facts about CNG and LPG Conversions
Office of Transportation Technologies, DOE.
- New buses
- Overview
- 1. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability.
- Conventional diesel bus
- 2. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles - Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions - Faiz, AsizWalsh, Michael P. Weaver, Christopher
Because of their versatility, flexibility, and low initial cost, motorized road vehicles overwhelmingly dominate the markets for passenger and freight transport throughout the developing world. - 1. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability.
- Advanced diesel bus
- 1. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses - Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program - Chandler, KevinClark, NigelKenneth, KellyMotta, RobertNorton, PaulSchumacher, Leon
Transit buses represent one of the best applications for alternative fuels, which have already made significant inroads into the transit bus market.
- CNG bus
- 15. Natural Gas Vehicle Transit Bus Fleet: The Current International Experience - Watt, Glenn M.
This paper focuses on the worldwide experience of Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) transit bus fleets. It has been produced for the use of the International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles (IANGV) as a snapshot of the existing experience with NGV transit bus fleets from information gathered from the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia, Japan and Australia. - 16. Euro 2 and Beyond - Fuel for Transperth's Bus Fleet - Bult, Brian
The ERG investigated the potential environmental effects of likely fuel options to establish environmental baselines, including commissioning CSIRO to develop a model of the impact of these fuels on Perth s airshed. It sought input on the mechanical, economic and/or environmental performance of a variety of bus and fuel types, both in Australia and overseas. Finally, it undertook an economic analysis, which was then used as a baseline to factor in the economic costs of various environmental impacts. - 1. Breathing Clean: Considering the Switch to Natural Gas Buses - Kojima, Masami
In response to emerging epidemiological evidence of the toxicity of diesel vehicular emissions, there is growing interest in substituting conventional diesel with much cleaner natural gas in cities where ambient concentrations of particulate matter are markedly higher than what is internationally considered acceptable. - 10. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability. - 14. Risk in Perspective: Fueling Heavy Duty Trucks: Diesel or Natural Gas ? - Graham, JohnHammit, James K.Toy, Edmond
- 8. Bus Futures - New Technologies for Cleaner Cities - Cannon, James S.Sun, Chyi
- 6. Analysis of Alternative Fuel Technologies for New York City Transit Buses - Sigall, Jonathan
- 7. Interim Report: Emissions Results from Clean Diesel Demonstration Program with CRTTM Particulate Filter at New York City Transit - Matthey, Johnson
- 9. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses - Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program - Chandler, KevinClark, NigelKenneth, KellyMotta, RobertNorton, PaulSchumacher, Leon
Transit buses represent one of the best applications for alternative fuels, which have already made significant inroads into the transit bus market. - 3. Older Gasoline Vehicles in Developing Countries and Economies in Transition: Their Importance and the Policy options for Addressing them - UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
In Developing Countries and Economies in Transition : Their Importance and the Policy Options for Addressing Them - 4. A Comparative Analysis of the Feasibility and Cost of Compliance of Potential Future Emission Standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles Using Diesel or Natural Gas - Austin, Thomas C.Delaney, Siona S.Heirigs, Philip L. Lyons, James M.
- 13. Sun Metro, El Paso, Texas, US - US DOE - US Department of Energy
Sun Metro, the public transportation authority of El Paso, Texas, operates the world s largest natural-gas-fueled mass transit fleet. Approximately 53% of Sun Metro's fleet of 240 vehicles - buses, paratransit vehicles, and support vehicles - runs on natural gas. - 11. Rogue Valley Transport District, Rogue Valley, Oregon, US - Giardina, Larry
The increasingly urbanized region served the Rogue Valley Transportation District (RVTD), home to nearly 130,000 people and situated in a valley at the convergence of the Cascade and Siskiyou mountain ranges in southwest Oregon, faces a continuing challenge to maintain air quality because of the local air shed's susceptibility to terrain-induced temperature inversions. - 12. Antelope Valley School Buses - US DOE - US Department of Energy
Located about 70 miles northeast of Los Angeles, the Antelope Valley Schools Transportation Agency (AVSTA) operates a fleet of school buses and special-education vans that transport students in four school districts covering 1,700 square miles. - 5. New York City Clean Fuel Bus Programs
- 17. Pierce Transit, Tacoma, Washington, US - US DOE - US Department of Energy
In 1986, the Pierce County Transportation Benefit Area Authority (Pierce Transit), based in Tacoma, Washington, made a commitment to the future of the transportation industry and to the environment by deciding to put buses powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) into everyday service. Eleven years, 72 CNG buses, and countless curious inquiries later, CNG is no longer a novelty it s business as usual. - 2. An Assessment of the Emissions Performance of Alternative and Conventional Fuels - Lane, BenLillie, KenMcCallum, JoshuaMurray, Jonathan
This report details the findings and recommendations of the Alternative Fuels Group of the Cleaner Vehicles Task Force. The report investigates the potential environmental benefits associated with the use of alternative road fuels and technologies, the change in capital and operational costs, the required new infrastructure and the non-fiscal barriers which may affect market introduction. The cost-effectiveness of each of the options is also considered.
- LPG bus
- 2. British Columbia Transit Fuel Choice Study - SYPHER:MUELLER International Inc.
- 4. B5.9 195LPG Specifications
Performance, specifications, application and gearing considerations, automatic transmission information. - 3. California Clean Fuels Market Assessment 2001 - Keese, William J.
The Clean Fuels Market Assessment is an essential element of the California Fuel Infrastructure Development Plan. The Assessment provides a foundation of logic to the Plan by assessing California s most immediate clean fuel infrastructure needs for transportation applications and providing essential program recommendations on how to meet those needs. - 1. Mass Transit - Use of Alternative Fuels in Transit Buses - United States General Accounting Office
Alternative fuel buses account for a very small, but growing, portion of the nation s transit bus fleet. In 1997, 5 percent of the nation s approximately 50,000 transit buses operated on some alternative fuel system.
- Ethanol bus
- 5. Life-cycle Emissions Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles - H. Watson & D. Williams T. Grant R. BrownT. Beer P. Nelson J. Edwards
CSIRO, RMIT, University of Melbourne; 2000; 148 pages (pdf 2,160 KB) - 4. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses - Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program - Chandler, KevinClark, NigelKenneth, KellyMotta, RobertNorton, PaulSchumacher, Leon
Transit buses represent one of the best applications for alternative fuels, which have already made significant inroads into the transit bus market. - 1. Mass Transit - Use of Alternative Fuels in Transit Buses - United States General Accounting Office
Alternative fuel buses account for a very small, but growing, portion of the nation s transit bus fleet. In 1997, 5 percent of the nation s approximately 50,000 transit buses operated on some alternative fuel system. - 2. Ethanol-powered Buses Reduce Vehicle Emissions in Stockholm
Since 1990, Stockholm Transport (SL) has had 32 Scania ethanolpowered buses serving the city centre. These buses generate far lower emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulates than diesel-powered buses. - 3. Report on the United Nations International Roundtable on Transportation Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Development - Santini, Danilo
Undertaken in Cooperation with the World Bank.
- Electric bus
- 1. The Report of the Alternative Fuels Group of the Cleaner Vehicles Task Force An assessment of the Emissions Performance of Alternative and Conventional Fuels
Document not available for download - w1. WestStart/CALSTART
The CALSTART site is a resourceful pool of relevant information and includes a description of the Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District (MTD). - 2. Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons - Proposed Regulation for a Public Transit Fleet Rule and Emission Standards for New Urban Buses
- 4. British Columbia Transit Fuel Choice Study - Sypher Mueller International Inc
The purpose of this study was to provide the Province of British Columbia and BC Transit with sufficient information to make a decision for a fuel choice for BC Transit s 1997 bus purchase and to provide a framework for future transit fuel choices.
- Hybrid bus
- 4. Analysis of Alternative Fuel Technologies for New York City Transit Buses - Sigall, Jonathan
- 5. Mass Transit - Use of Alternative Fuels in Transit Buses - United States General Accounting Office
Alternative fuel buses account for a very small, but growing, portion of the nation s transit bus fleet. In 1997, 5 percent of the nation s approximately 50,000 transit buses operated on some alternative fuel system. - 6. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability. - 2. Are Developing Countries Ready for Hybrid Buses?
- 3. Hybrid Electric Drive Heavy-Duty Vehicle Testing Project - Final Emissions Report - Balon, Thomas
- 7. DOE Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program ... Why HEVs? - Kost, Robert
The development goals for this progressive technology include emissions reduction, while obtaining superior fuel economy, as well as the flexibility of using either petroleum or alternative fuels. - 1. The Technical Background of Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Sullivan, Rogelio A.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) combine two or more energy conversion technologies (e.g., heat engines, fuel cells, generators, or motors) with one or more energy storage technologies (e.g., fuel, batteries, ultracapacitors, or flywheels).
- Fuel cell bus
- 4. Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Cells and Relevant Fuel Chains - Beer, Tom
This report examines available information on low and ultra-low sulfur diesel and alternative fuels for heavy vehicles in terms of their emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. - w1. Fuel Cell Bus Club
- 5. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability. - 1. Just the Basics: Fuel Cells - Transportation for the 21st Century - US DOE - US Department of Energy
A fuel cell harnesses the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity without combusion or pollution. The only byproducts are pure water and useful heat. - 2. Fuel Cell Fact Sheet - Werner, Carol
The most important environmental technology ? - 6. Cleaning Up: Zero Emission Buses in Real World Use - A Report on the XCELLSIS/Ballard Phase 3 Fuel Cell Bus Program
The four-year-long Phase 3 program was conducted in two major urban transportation markets: Chicago, Illinois and Vancouver, British Columbia, under normal, real-world, revenue-generating conditions, and in all types of weather. - 3. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Evaluation - Eudy, LeslieLeonard, JonathanParish, Richard
Global concern for the environment has been increasing throughout the last decade, and green technologies are being emphasized all over the world. Research and development of advanced technologies for the transportation sector has been growing at a rapid pace in an effort to reduce petroleum imports and lower emissions.
- In-use trucks
- I and M programs
- 1. California's Heavy Duty Inspection Program
The California Air Resources Board (ARB) is testing heavy-duty trucks and buses for excessive smoke and tampering. Any heavy-duty vehicle traveling in California, including vehicles registered in other states and foreign countries, may be tested.
- Replacement programs
- Retrofit systems
- 2. Demonstration of Advanced Emission Control Technologies Enabling Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Engines to Achieve Low Emission Levels - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
The Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (MECA) instituted a test program at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) to evaluate the performance of a variety of commercially available exhaust emission control technologies on a current design heavy-duty diesel engine with standard Number 2 diesel (368 ppm), lower sulfur (54 ppm) diesel fuel, and, in a limited number of cases, zero ppm sulfur fuel. - 1. Emission Control Retrofit of Diesel-Fueled Vehicles - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
MECA has received numerous inquiries regarding the possibility of retrofitting emission control technologies on existing diesel engines. These inquiries have included requests for technical information, past experience with retrofit, and information on the impact of fuel sulfur on emission control retrofit technologies. - 8. Retrofit Diesel Particulate Filter Application Considerations and Experience
Key Considerations of a Diesel Particulate Filter Retrofit Control Program, Operating Experience with Retrofit Diesel Particulate Filters, Discussion of Diesel Particulate Filter, Applications Matrix - 4. Clean Air Facts - Emission Controls for Diesel Engines - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
Recently, health experts in the U.S. have identified serious health risks associated with emissions from diesel engines, especially oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Cost-effective diesel exhaust control options such as catalysts and particulate filters are available which can significantly reduce emissions from diesel-powered trucks, buses, and off-road equipment. - 3. Clean Air Facts: Emission Control Retrofit of Existing Diesel Engines - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
- 7. Bus Futures - New Technologies for Cleaner Cities - Cannon, James S.Sun, Chyi
- 5. Interim Report: Emissions Results from Clean Diesel Demonstration Program with CRTTM Particulate Filter at New York City Transit - Matthey, Johnson
- 6. MECA Independent Cost Survey for Emission Control Retrofit Technologies - MECA - Manufacturers of emissions control
The report is designed to provide estimates on the range of costs for emission control technologies under the various scenarios spelled out in the report. Information regarding the costs of retrofit technology for specific applications should be obtained directly from the technology manufacturers
- Conversions
- 3. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability. - 2. Status of Implementation of CNG as a Fuel for Urban Buses in Delhi - Dursbeck, FrankErlandsson, LennartWeaver, Christopher
- 1. Facts about CNG and LPG Conversions
Office of Transportation Technologies, DOE.
- New trucks
- Conventional heavy duty diesels
- w1. WestStart/CALSTART
The CALSTART site is a resourceful pool of relevant information and includes a description of the Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District (MTD). - 1. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles - Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions - Faiz, AsizWalsh, Michael P. Weaver, Christopher
- Advanced heavy duty diesels
- 1. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses - Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program - Chandler, KevinClark, NigelKenneth, KellyMotta, RobertNorton, PaulSchumacher, Leon
Transit buses represent one of the best applications for alternative fuels, which have already made significant inroads into the transit bus market.
- Light duty diesels
- Light duty gasoline vehicles
- Cleaner fuels
- Alternative Fuels Transit Buses - Kenneth, KellyMotta, RobertNorton, Paul
Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program - Cleaner gasoline
- 3. Regulatory Announcement - EPA's Program for Cleaner Vehicles and Cleaner Gasoline
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is announcing more protective tailpipe emissions standards for all passenger vehicles, including sport utility vehicles (SUVs), minivans, vans and pick-up trucks. - 2. Phasing Lead out of Gasoline - An Examination of Policy Approaches in Different Countries - UNEP - United Nations Environment ProgrammeOECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
There is a firm consensus among government representatives, the lead industry, and health experts that gasoline should not contain lead. This consensus began to build in the 1970s when the first health effects from exposure to airborne lead were suspected. - 1. Clean Fuels in the United States - The Key to Low Emissions - Walsh, Michael P.
- 6. Alkylation Current Events - Pryor, Pam
- 4. Carlines - Issue 2001-06 / 2005-02 - Walsh, Michael P.
- CNG
- 4. Breathing Clean: Considering the Switch to Natural Gas Buses - Kojima, Masami
In response to emerging epidemiological evidence of the toxicity of diesel vehicular emissions, there is growing interest in substituting conventional diesel with much cleaner natural gas in cities where ambient concentrations of particulate matter are markedly higher than what is internationally considered acceptable. - 7. Sustainable Transport: New Insights From the IEAs Worldwide Transit Study - Fulton, Lew
Over the past year, the IEA has undertaken a study of transit systems in cities around the world. The primary focus has been on bus systems in developing countries, where dilapidated vehicles, old technologies, and rapidly increasing traffic congestion and sprawl are jeopardising the ability of the developing world s premier cities to achieve sustainability. - 5. Bus Futures - New Technologies for Cleaner Cities - Cannon, James S.Sun, Chyi
This new INFORM report brings good news about alternatives to the conventional diesel bus that have the potential to meet the travel needs of millions of Americans in and around our urban centers while protecting air quality and human health. - 6. Analysis of Alternative Fuel Technologies for New York City Transit Buses - Sigall, Jonathan
- 1. The Role of Natural Gas in the Transport Sector - Gwilliam, Kenneth G.
Natural gas is a relatively clean transport fuel. which has been promoted both by government and industry in a number of countries. But not all promotional efforts have been successful, for good economic reasons. In the light of international experience this note considers the circumstances in which natural gas may play an important role, and attempts to identify appropriate policies for establishing that role in developing countries. - 3. A Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Energy and Emissions Impacts of Transportation Fuels Produced from Natural Gas - Huang, H. S.Wang, M. Q.
This study reveals that, in general, the use of natural gas-based fuels reduces energy use and emissions relative to use of petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel, although different natural gas-based fuels in different vehicle technologies can have significantly different energy and emissions impacts.
- LPG
- 2. Older Gasoline Vehicles in Developing Countries and Economies in Transition: Their Importance and the Policy options for Addressing them - UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
In Developing Countries and Economies in Transition : Their Importance and the Policy Options for Addressing Them - 3. A Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Energy and Emissions Impacts of Transportation Fuels Produced from Natural Gas - Huang, H. S.Wang, M. Q.
This study reveals that, in general, the use of natural gas-based fuels reduces energy use and emissions relative to use of petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel, although different natural gas-based fuels in different vehicle technologies can have significantly different energy and emissions impacts. - 5. Facts about propane
Propane, the most common liquefied petroleum gas (LP-gas), is one of the nation's most versatile sources of energy and supplies about 4 percent of our total energy needs. - 4. Mass Transit - Use of Alternative Fuels in Transit Buses - United States General Accounting Office
Alternative fuel buses account for a very small, but growing, portion of the nation s transit bus fleet. In 1997, 5 percent of the nation s approximately 50,000 transit buses operated on some alternative fuel system. - 1. British Columbia Transit Fuel Choice Study - SYPHER:MUELLER International Inc.
- 6. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels - Joyce, Mary
Petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel account for nearly all of the fuel used in onroad vehicles today. Concerns about the environmental effects of fossil fuel use and the Nation s dependence on foreign oil are providing the impetus for increasing use of alternativefueled vehicles (AFV s) and alternatives to traditional transportation fuels.
- Ethanol
- 2. Older Gasoline Vehicles in Developing Countries and Economies in Transition: Their Importance and the Policy options for Addressing them - UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
In Developing Countries and Economies in Transition : Their Importance and the Policy Options for Addressing Them - 7. Bio-ethanol vehicles: cleaner exhaust gas - cleaner air
The growing vehicle fleet around the world has intensified the search of alternative renewable fuels and become an important area of research. Bio-ethanol is by many considered one of the most important alternatives to diesel and gasoline, mainly because it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. - 5. Ethanol Usage in Automotive Fuels - Szwarc, Alfred
Fuel Ethanol should be viewed as a sound energy alternative. Its main characteristics are in line with sustainable development needs. - 3. Energy, economic and environmental impacts of ethanol fuels
by professor David Pimentel (pdf. 42kb) - 1. Mass Transit - Use of Alternative Fuels in Transit Buses - United States General Accounting Office
Alternative fuel buses account for a very small, but growing, portion of the nation s transit bus fleet. In 1997, 5 percent of the nation s approximately 50,000 transit buses operated on some alternative fuel system. - 4. Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues - Womach, JasperYacobucci, Brent D.
In light of a changing regulatory and legislative environment, concern has arisen regarding the future prospects for ethanol as a motor fuel. Ethanol is produced from biomass (mainly corn) and is mixed with gasoline to produce cleaner-burning fuel called gasohol or E10. - 6. Sugarcane as an Energy Source in Brazil - Hollanda, Jayme B. de Pool, Alan D.
While industrialized countries are looking for ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by substituting fosil fuels by renewable energy forms, in Brazil a large scale program in that direction is running the risk of being dismantled in a few years.
- Hydrogen
- 4. Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Cells in Mobile and Stationary Applications - M. Pehnt
M. Pehnt; dissertation thesis, DLR - Institut Fur Technische Thermodynamik Stuttgart, VDI-Verlag Fortschrittsberichte, Reihe 6, Nr. 476
Not Available for Download - 1. A Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Energy and Emissions Impacts of Transportation Fuels Produced from Natural Gas - Huang, H. S.Wang, M. Q.
This study reveals that, in general, the use of natural gas-based fuels reduces energy use and emissions relative to use of petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel, although different natural gas-based fuels in different vehicle technologies can have significantly different energy and emissions impacts. - 2. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Evaluation - Eudy, LeslieLeonard, JonathanParish, Richard
Global concern for the environment has been increasing throughout the last decade, and green technologies are being emphasized all over the world. Research and development of advanced technologies for the transportation sector has been growing at a rapid pace in an effort to reduce petroleum imports and lower emissions. - 6. Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen - Amos, Wade A.
An analysis was performed to estimate the costs associated with storing and transporting hydrogen. These costs can be added to a hydrogen production cost to determine the total delivered cost of hydrogen. - 3. Future Wheels - Interviews with 44 Global Experts - On the Future of Fuel Cells For Transportation and Fuel Cell Infrastructure and a Fuel Cell Primer - Callaghan,LisaLynch, SheilaStillings, Amy
- 5. Distributed Hydrogen Fueling Systems Analysis - Thomas, C. E.
Directed Technologies Inc. has analyzed the costs and other attributes of three fuel infrastructure systems to support fuel cell vehicles: hydrogen, methanol and gasoline. This work compliments previous DTI analyses of onboard fuel system costs for these three fuels B onboard hydrogen storage systems in the case of hydrogen, and onboard fuel processors for methanol and for gasoline.
- Biodiesel
- 3. Bioenergy for development - Technical and environmental dimensions - Hall, D. O.Woords, J.
This study examines the present role of biomass in the world's energy supply and calculates the potential for future biomass energy provision into the next century. - 2. Pros and Cons of RME Compared to Conventional Diesel Fuel - Jungk, NicolaiReinhardt, Guido A.
Since the beginning of the nineties methodology and content of LCAs on "Rape Seed Biodiesel versus Ordinary Diesel Oil" have continuously been developed. This eventually led to a solid knowledge concerning a final evaluation of the ecological advantages and disadvantages of rape seed biodiesel (RME) as a substitute for diesel oil. - 1. Bioenergy for Europe: Which Ones Fit Best? A Comparative Analysis for the Community - Executive Summary - Patyk, A.Reinhardt, Guido A.
This report presents the methodology and the results of a project carried out in a co-operative task by eight European countries from 1998 to 2000. Its aim was to assess - by means of life cycle analyses - the environmental effects of various biofuels and to compare them against their fossil equivalents as well as against each other.
- Programs and experiences
- CNG Buses in the United States
- 4. Antelope Valley School Buses - US DOE - US Department of Energy
- w1. Clean Cities Program
US Department of Energy. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - 5. Natural Gas Vehicle Transit Bus Fleets: The Current International Experience - Watt, Glen
- 2. Sun Metro, El Paso, Texas, US - US DOE - US Department of Energy
Sun Metro, the public transportation authority of El Paso, Texas, operates the world s largest natural-gas-fueled mass transit fleet. Approximately 53% of Sun Metro's fleet of 240 vehicles - buses, paratransit vehicles, and support vehicles - runs on natural gas. - 1. Pierce Transit, Tacoma, Washington, US - US DOE - US Department of Energy
In 1986, the Pierce County Transportation Benefit Area Authority (Pierce Transit), based in Tacoma, Washington, made a commitment to the future of the transportation industry and to the environment by deciding to put buses powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) into everyday service. Eleven years, 72 CNG buses, and countless curious inquiries later, CNG is no longer a novelty it s business as usual. - 3. Rogue Valley Transport District, Rogue Valley, Oregon, US - Giardina, Larry
- CNG Buses in Delhi
- 1. Delhi's Transport and the Environment: Shaken but not Stirred
The worsening quality of air in the country s capital is a cause for concern but the increasing number of private vehicles on the streets of Delhi - reflecting Delhi's worsening public transport - is a matter of even more serious concern.
- Cleaner Bus Fleets in New York City
- Retrofit Projects in the United States
- 3. Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program
- 2. Diesel Retrofit Funding Directory
- 1. Heavy-Duty Diesel Emission Reduction Project Retrofit/Rebuild Component - EPA
The purpose of this document is to expand the use of retrofit pollution control technologies in heavy-duty engines through the development of consistent guidelines for voluntary retrofit programs.
- Fuel Cell Bus Programs Worldwide
- 2. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Evaluation - Eudy, LeslieLeonard, JonathanParish, Richard
Global concern for the environment has been increasing throughout the last decade, and green technologies are being emphasized all over the world. Research and development of advanced technologies for the transportation sector has been growing at a rapid pace in an effort to reduce petroleum imports and lower emissions. - 1. Project Brief: Brazil: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Urban Transport
This project is designed to stimulate the development and utilization of fuel cell buses by supporting a significant operational test of fuel cell buses in the greater Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area.
- Biodiesel in Germany
- 2. Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel - Luc Pelkmans,
Alternative motor fuels are considered to be one way of reducing the
growing pressure from traffic on environmental and energy demands.
They could create an alternative for the classic fossil fuels such as
petrol, resources of which will be depleted in a few decades.
A promising example of an alternative fuel that is currently ready for
introduction, is biodiesel. - 1. Macroeconomic evaluation of rape cultivation for biodiesel production in Germany - Manfred Schöpe and Günter Britschkat
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