| Policy framework | |
This section includes relevant Policy Documents which might be helpful for the user’s own assessment of the applicability of cleaner bus, truck, and fuels options. These assessments should be placed in the broader policy context, take into account other available air quality options and specific local economic and environmental conditions. The crucial question of these assessments is how to phase in the adoption of cleaner technology cost-effectively, and what non-technical policies are essential to maximize chances of successful implementation of technology-based policies.
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| Related documents | - Abuses in Fuel Market: How to Protect Consumers in Public - Bacon, Robert / Kojima, Masami
In the fuel business, smuggling, adulteration, mislabeling and short-weighting are widespread in many developing countries. - Breathing Clean: Considering the Switch to Natural Gas Buses - Masami, Kojima
- Coordinating Environment, Transport, and Energy Policies for Cleaner Air - Kojima, Masami / Lovei, Magda
Poor urban air quality causes serious environmental health damage in many developing countries. Arriving at effective and sustainable solutions to these problems requires a broad approach that takes into account the various sources of pollution, focuses on cost-effective and feasible interventions, involves affected stakeholders in decisionmaking, and coordinates policies across multiple sectors. An important challenge is to evaluate when and how environmental considerations should be reflected in sector policies. This note illustrates these points, taking urban air pollution from transport as an example. - Economic Valuation of the Health Impacts of Air Pollution - Clean Air Initiative
This module presents a brief overview of the methods commonly used to quantify the health impacts of air pollution and to value them. We focus on translating changes in ambient air quality into associated cases of premature mortality and morbidity and on the methods used to value these health effects. A case study Improving Air Quality in Metropolitan Mexico City: An Economic Valuation, is used to illustrate the application of these methods. - Improving Air Quality in Metropolitan Mexico City: An Economic Valuation - Cesar, Herman et al
The annuyal health benefits of a 10 percent reduction in ozone and PM10 in Mexico City, conservatively estimated, are approximately $760 million (in 1999 U.S. dollars) annually. Reducing PM10 has larger estimated health benefits than reducing ozone, with each microgram per cubic centimeter reduction in PM10 worth about $100 million per year. - Reducing Air Pollution from Urban Passenger Transport: A Framework for Policy Analysis - Heil, Mark / Pargal, Sheoli
This paper develops a simple framework to analyze various pollution control strategies that have been used or are proposed in the urban passenger transport sector. The context is the declining quality of air in urban areas, which is among the serious problems associated with the rapid motorization of societies the world over. - Reducing Air Pollution from Urban Transport - and Gwilliam, Ken / Kojima, Masami / Johnson, Todd
This report discusses policy, technological, administrative, and economic issues surrounding interventions for air quality improvement in developing countries, and provides examples of both successful and unsuccessful actions and approaches to air quality management. - Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policymakers in Developing Cities - Breithaupt, Manfred et al
GTZ Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP) - Transport Fuels Taxes and Urban Air Quality - Bacon, Robert / Gwilliam, Kenneth G. / Kojima, Masami / Lvovsky, Keseniya
In developing country cities, fuel use for transport is a growing contributor to air pollution and environmental health risks. One way of applying the "polluter pays " principle to transport is to adjust fuel taxes to reflect environmental externalities. But in setting tax rates on fuels, many factors need to be considered. - Urban Air Pollution - How Can Urban Bus Policy Reduce Air Pollution? - Akbar, Sameer / Gwilliam, Kenneth G. / Kojima, Masami
Buses are essential to everyday life in South Asia. They affect urban air quality both directly by emitting air pollutants and indirectly by reducing the congestion and emissions caused by the many smaller vehicles which they replace. - Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia - Guidebook - Gronskei, Knut Erik / Hanegraaf, M.C. / Jansen, Huib / Kuik, O. J. / Larssner, Steiner / Olsthoorn, Xander A. / Oosterhuis, F.H.
- Vehicular Air Pollution: Setting Priorities - Akbar, Sameer / Gwilliam, Kenneth G. / Kojima, Masami
Air pollution is viewed as a serious problem in many cities in South Asia. Many city governments hold transport largely responsible and have adopted, or are considering, technological measures to reduce vehicle emission. This note outlines a framework for the appraisal and selection of appropriate measures in the sector.
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