This section will include a "Decision Makers" Policy Guide and Manual on Urban Air Pollution: Policy Framework for Mobile Sources." Both papers are under preparation. Draft versions of the papers should be issued for review in June 2003.

The guide for policy makers will discuss the key issues and questions to consider in formulating a policy for urban air pollution from urban road transport. Specifically, it will address the crucial question of how to phase in the adoption of cleaner technology cost-effectively, and what non-technical policies are essential to maximize the chances of successful implementation of technology-based policies.

The guide will be supported by an accompanying manual to which it will refer for more detailed discussion of the technological, administrative and economic instruments that are available to developing countries. Together they are intended to assist developing countries to design cost-effective strategies to control the impact of mobile sources of urban air quality.

The manual is divided into six main parts. This first part sets out the logical framework of the paper and considers the broader policy context within which air quality policy needs to be set. The second part discusses the importance of air pollution, and the levels and trends of ambient air pollution in developing country cities. The third part goes on to consider how the contribution of transport to poor urban air quality can be assessed.

The fourth part identifies three major transport dimensions within which air quality improvement can be sought, namely reduction in the amount of transport performed, reduction in the consumption of fuel per unit of transport performed and reduction in the emission of pollutants per unit of fuel consumed. For each of these dimensions it discusses the array of policy fields in which improvements can be sought, and identifies the range of instruments that can be employed. In doing this part continues to emphasize the importance of the behavior of the many personal and corporate actors in the transport sector in determining what will be the actual impact of policy efforts to reduce urban air pollution from mobile sources.

The fifth part discusses those possible policy instruments in more detail, bearing in mind that any individual instrument may have effects in several dimensions. This part includes consideration of the potential of various forms of improved, cleaner technology to reduce air pollution. But it does so in the light of the affordability of those technologies-both to individual transport decision makers not primarily motivated by air quality considerations, and to governments facing conflicting demands on their scarce resources. Improved technology is seen as a potentially very important instrument, but not necessarily as the only solution to the air quality problem. It is argued that the full costs and benefits of technological interventions should be carefully assessed in the light of the local economic as well as environmental circumstances.

The final part brings together the consideration of individual instruments to offer summarized advice on formulation of a policy package which is likely to be both effective in air quality improvement terms and affordable in private financial and public fiscal terms. It particularly emphasizes the need to find a package which is at the same time technologically appropriate, economically viable, institutionally sustainable and politically feasible.